How Do the People in One Foot in Eden Think Family Is Important
The Philippines
Orientation
Identification. The Republic of the Philippines was named the Filipinas to laurels King Philip the Second of Spain in 1543. The Philippine Islands was the name used earlier independence.
Location and Geography. The Republic of the Philippines, a nation of seven,107 islands with a full surface area of 111,830 foursquare miles (307,055 square kilometers), is located on the Pacific Rim of Southeast Asia. Two thou of its islands are inhabited. Luzon, the largest isle with one-third of the land and half the population, is in the north. Mindanao, the 2d largest island, is in the south. The Philippines are 1,152 miles (1,854 kilometers) long from northward to south. The width is 688 miles (1,107 kilometers). In that location are no land boundaries; the country is bordered on the due west past the South China Sea, on the east past the Philippine Bounding main, on the south by the Celebes Ocean, and on the n by the Luzon Strait, which separates the country from its nearest neighbor, Taiwan. The closest nations to the south are Malaysia and Indonesia. Vietnam and China are the nearest neighbors on the mainland of Asia.
The islands are volcanic in origin. Mount Mayon in southern Luzon erupted in 2000. Mount Pinatubo in central Luzon erupted in 1991 and 1992. Both eruptions caused destruction of villages and farms and displaced thousands of people from their tribal homelands. Because the country is volcanic, the pocket-sized islands have a mountainous center with coastal plains. Luzon has a wide central valley in the northern provinces along the Cagayan River and plains in the midlands most Manila, the capital. Mindanao and Panay also take cardinal plains. Northern Luzon has 2 major mountain ranges: the Sierra Madres on the eastern declension and the Cordilleras in the center. The highest tiptop is Mount Apo in Mindanao at 9,689 feet (2,954 meters).
The weather is hot considering of the country's closeness to the equator. The temperatures are constant except during typhoons. The dry season is from January to June; the wet season with monsoon rains is from July to December. Temperatures are cooler in November through January, dropping below thirty degrees Celsius (85 degrees Fahrenheit). The summer months of April and May have temperatures in excess of 39 degrees Celsius (100 degrees Fahrenheit). Typhoons occur from June through Nov.
Census. The estimated population in July 2000 was 80-one million. The average life expectancy is threescore-seven years. Four pct of the population is over historic period sixty-5. The most populous area is Metropolitan Manila, where viii meg to ten million people live.
Linguistic Amalgamation. The official languages are Filipino, which is based on Tagalog with words from other native languages, and English. Since only 55 percent of residents speak Filipino fluently, English is used in colleges, universities, the courts, and the government. The country's seventy to eighty dialects are derived from Malay languages. Three dialects are of national importance: Cebuano in the southern islands, Ilocano in the north, and Tagalog, the language of the National Upper-case letter Region. When Tagalog was called every bit the basis for a national language, Cebuanos refused to use Filipino. "Taglish," a mixture of Filipino and English language, is becoming a standard language. Filipinos are proud that their country has the 3rd largest number of English language speakers in the earth. Filipino English language includes many Australian and British terms. Information technology is a formal language that includes words no longer normally used in American English language. Spanish was taught every bit a compulsory language until 1968 only is seldom used today. Spanish numbers and some Spanish words are included in the dialects.
Philippines
The dependence on English language causes business organization, but since Filipino does non have words for scientific or technological terms, English is likely to remain in common apply.
Symbolism. National symbols have been emphasized since independence to create a sense of nationhood. The Philippine eagle, the second largest eagle in the world, is the national bird. Medico Jose Rizal is the national hero. Rizal streets and statues of Rizal are found in nearly towns and cities. Several municipalities are named for Rizal. The nearly prominent symbol is the flag, which has a blue horizontal band, a ruddy horizontal band, and a white field. The flag is flown with the blueish ring at the elevation in times of peace and the cherry-red band at the acme in times of state of war. Flag ceremonies accept place once a week at all governmental offices. Schools have a flag ceremony each morning. All traffic stops while the flag is being honored. The national anthem is sung, a national pledge is recited in Filipino, and the provincial hymn is sung.
History and Ethnic Relations
Emergence of the Nation. Early inhabitants are believed to have reached the area over country bridges connecting the islands to Malaysia and China. The first people were the Negritos, who arrived twenty-v thousand years ago. Afterwards immigrants came from Republic of indonesia. Later the land bridges disappeared, immigrants from Indo-China brought copper and bronze and congenital the rice terraces at Benaue in northern Luzon. The next wave came from Malaysia and is credited with developing agriculture and introducing carabao (water buffalo) as draft animals. Merchandise with China began in the offset century C.E. Filipino ores and woods were traded for finished products.
In 1380, the "Propagation of Islam" began in the Sulu Islands and Mindanao, where Islam remains the major religion. The Muslim influence had spread as far n every bit Luzon when Ferdinand Magellan arrived in 1521 to claim the archipelago for Kingdom of spain. Magellan was killed soon later when a local main, Lapu-Lapu, refused to accept Spanish dominion and Christianity. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi landed in the Philippines in 1564 and consolidated Spanish ability, designating Manila as the majuscule in 1572. Roman Catholic religious orders began Christianizing the populace, but the Sulu Islands and Mindanao remained Muslim. The Castilian governed those areas through a treaty with the sultan of Mindanao. The Castilian did not attempt to conquer the deep mount regions of far northern Luzon.
The occupation by Spain and the unifying gene of Catholicism were the starting time steps in creating a national identity. Filipinos became interested in attaining independence in the eye of the nineteenth century. In the 1890's, the novels of José Rizal, his exile to a remote isle, and his execution by the Spaniards created a national martyr and a rallying point for groups seeking independence. Armed attacks and propaganda increased, with an initial success that waned every bit Spanish reinforcements arrived. The Spanish-American State of war of 1898 and the defeat of the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay led the Filipino leader Emilio Aguinaldo to declare independence from Spain. The Us paid 20 million dollars to the Spanish for the Philippines nether the Treaty of Paris. Aguinaldo did non take United States occupation and fought until the Filipino forces were defeated. In 1902, the Philippines became an American territory, with the future president William Howard Taft serving as the offset territorial governor. Over the next two decades, American attitudes toward the Philippines changed and the islands were given democracy status in 1933. Independence was promised after twelve years, with the United states of america retaining rights to armed services bases.
The Japanese invaded the Philippines early in 1942 and ruled until 1944. Filipino forces continued to wage guerrilla warfare. The return of U.S. forces ended the Japanese occupation. Afterward the war, plans for independence were resumed. The Republic of the Philippines became an independent nation on 4 July 1946.
The new nation had to recover economically from the destruction caused by World State of war II. Peasant groups wanted the huge country holdings encouraged past the Castilian and Americans broken apart. In 1955, Congress passed the showtime law to distribute land to farmers.
Ferdinand Marcos governed from 1965 to 1986, which was the longest period for 1 president. From 1972 to 1981, he ruled by martial law. Marcos was reelected in 1982, but a strong opposition movement emerged. When the leader of the opposition, Benigno Aquino, was murdered afterward his return from exile in the U.s., his married woman, Corazon Aquino, entered the presidential race in 1986. Marcos claimed victory but was accused of fraud. That allegation and the withdrawal of United States support for Marcos led to "People Ability," a movement in which the residents of Manila protested the Marcos authorities. The Filipino military supported Aquino, who was declared president, and the Marcos family went into exile in Hawaii.
The Aquino years saw the passage of a new constitution with term limits and the withdrawal of U.Southward. war machine forces in 1991, when the authorities did non grant a new charter for United States use of military bases.
Fidel Ramos, the first Protestant president, served from 1991 to 1998. Major problems included a fall in the value of the peso and the demands of Muslim groups in Mindanao for cocky-determination and/or independence. The government offered cocky-governance and boosted funds, and the movement quieted.
Joseph "Erap" Estrada was elected for i vi-year term in 1999. The demands of the Muslim rebels escalated, culminating with the kidnaping of 20-ix people by the Abu Sayyaf group in April 2000. Late in the twelvemonth 2000, impeachment proceedings were brought against Estrada, who was charged with financial corruption.
National Identity. Filipinos had little sense of national identity until the revolutionary menstruum of the nineteenth century. The word "Filipino" did not refer to native people until the mid-nineteenth century. Before that period, the treatment of the islands equally a single governmental unit by Spain and the conversion of the population to Catholicism were the unifying factors. As a desire for independence grew, a national flag was created, national heroes emerged, and a national anthem was written. A national linguistic communication was designated in 1936. National costumes were established. The sense of a national identity is fragile, with true allegiance given to a kin group, a province, or a municipality.
Ethnic Relations. Ninety-five percent of the population is of Malay ancestry. The other identifiable group is of Chinese ancestry. Sino-Filipinos are envied for their success in business. They have maintained their own schools, which stress Chinese traditions.
Seventy to lxxx language groups carve up people forth tribal lines. Approximately two 1000000 residents are designated as cultural minority groups protected by the government. The majority of those sixty ethnic groups alive in the mountains of northern Luzon. People whose skin is darker are considered less capable, intelligent, and beautiful. Descendants of the Negritos tribe are regarded as inferior.
Urbanism, Architecture, and the Use of Space
The compages of the islands shows Spanish influence. Castilian brick churches built during the colonial era boss the towns. The churches are large and dissimilar from traditional construction. It is difficult to imagine how the ethnic population in the seventeenth century was able to build them.
Filipino families savor close kin bonds, and extended families living together are the norm.
Seaports and government centers had a larger proportion of Spanish buildings with wide verandas and tiled roofs. Towns destroyed during the liberation campaign in World War Ii, especially in cardinal and northern Luzon, were rebuilt using wood. Areas of Manila destroyed during World State of war II take been restored to their historical Spanish appearance. Newer buildings in Manila range from standard multistory offices to Western-style gated housing areas for the affluent, to tenements and shacks.
Traditional houses in rural areas are nipa huts constructed of bamboo and roofed with leaves from palm copse or corrugated metal. Cinder blocks are the nearly unremarkably building textile used. The blocks are plastered and painted on the inside and exterior when funds permit. Plasterers add decorative touches to the exterior. Older houses have a "dirty" open up-air kitchen for food preparation. Newer, larger houses designate a room as a dirty kitchen in contrast to the "clean" kitchen, which has an eating area where utensils are stored. Enclosed kitchens provide a roof over the cook and keep dogs and chickens from wandering into the cooking area. The roof is pitched and so that pelting volition run off. Middle-class houses and commercial buildings take tiled roofs.
Food and Economy
Food in Daily Life. Filipinos practice not consider it a repast if rice is not served. Plain steamed rice is the basis of the diet. Iii crops a twelvemonth are harvested to provide enough rice for the population, and the authorities keeps surpluses stored for times of drought. Salt water and freshwater of fish and shellfish are eaten daily, served either fresh or salted. Fish, chicken and pork are commonly fried, although people are condign more than wellness-conscious and often cull alternative methods of cooking. Garlic is added to food considering information technology is considered healthful. Filipino nutrient is non spicy. All food is cooked on gas burners or wood or charcoal fires and is allowed to get cold earlier it is eaten. Rice is cooked commencement, since it takes longer. When it is ready, rice volition be placed on the table while the next items of the repast are prepared and served.
Table knives are non used. Forks and spoons are used for dining. The food is eaten from a spoon. The traditional method of placing food on a banana leaf and eating with one's easily is also used throughout the land. Information technology is acceptable to swallow food with one's easily at restaurants likewise as in the home.
Breakfast is served at six A.M. and consists of food left over from the nighttime before. It is not reheated. Eggs and sausage are served on special occasions. Small buns called pan de sol may exist purchased from vendors early in the morning.
At midmorning and in the afternoon, people eat merienda. Since Filipinos are addicted of sweetness foods, a mixture of instant java, evaporated milk, and sugar may be served. Coca-Cola is very popular. Sweet rolls, doughnuts, or a noodle dish may be available. Lunch is a lite repast with rice and i other dish, often a fish or meat stew. Fish, pork, or chicken is served at dinner with a soup fabricated of lentils or vegetables. Fat pork is a favorite. Portions of small cubes of browned pork fat are considered a special dish.
Fruits are abundant all year. Several kinds of assistant are eaten, including ruby and green varieties. Mangoes, the national fruit, are sweet and juicy. A fruit salad with condensed milk and coconut milk is very popular on special occasions.
Vegetables are included every bit function of a soup or stew. Light-green beans and potatoes are commonly eaten foods. The leaves of camote, a sweet white potato, are used every bit a salad and soup ingredient. Ube, a bland bright royal white potato, is used as a colorful ingredient in cakes and ice cream. Halo-halo, which ways "mixture," is a popular dessert that consists of layers of corn kernels, ice cream, small gelatin pieces, cornflakes and shaved water ice. Patis, a very salty fish sauce, is placed on the table to be added to any of the dishes.
Fast food has become part of the culture, with national and international chains in many towns. All meals at fast-nutrient restaurant include rice, although French fries also tend to be on the menu. Banana ketchup is preferred, although the international bondage serve tomato ketchup. A national chain, Jollibee, has entered the U.Southward. marketplace with a restaurant in California, where many Filipino immigrants alive. The company plans to expand to other cities with Filipino populations.
Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions. Léchon, a suckling grunter that has been roasted until the skin forms a hard brownish crust, is served at important occasions. The inside is very fatty. Strips of the pare with attached fat are considered the best pieces. The importance of the host and the occasion are measured past the amount of léchon. served. Blood drained from the squealer is used to make dinuguan
Mucilaginous rice prepared with coconut milk and sugarcane syrup is wrapped in banana leaves. Glutinous rice is grown especially for use in this traditional dessert.
Gin and beer are available for men and are accompanied by balut, a duck egg with an embryo. Canis familiaris meat is a delicacy throughout the country. It is now illegal to sell canis familiaris meat at markets because cases of rabies have occurred when the brains were eaten.
Basic Economy. Agriculture, forestry, and line-fishing are the occupations of 40 percent of the thirty meg people who are employed. Calorie-free manufacturing, construction, mining and the service industries provide the remainder of employment opportunities. The unemployment rate is over ix percent. L percent of the population lives below the poverty line. The Asian financial crunch resulted in a lack of jobs, and the drought period of the El Niño conditions bike has reduced the number of agricultural positions. It is non uncommon for people to "volunteer" every bit workers in the health intendance field in hopes of beingness chosen to work when a position becomes bachelor. People work seven days a week and take additional jobs to maintain or improve their lifestyle or pay for a child's education. 8 hundred thousand citizens piece of work overseas, primarily as merchant seamen, health care, household, or factory workers in Saudi arabia, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Over Seas Workers (OSWs) have a governmental agency that looks after their interests. Laws govern hours of work, insurance coverage, and holiday time, merely workers may be exploited and mistreated. Recruitment centers are establish in all big municipalities. OSWs ship $7 billion domicile each year, providing 4 percent of the gross domestic product.
Land Tenure and Property. 19 pct of the land is arable and 46 percent consists of forests and woodlands. Deforestation by legal and illegal loggers with no tree replacement has reduced the number of trees. Large amounts of arable land remain in the hand of absentee landowners who were given state grants during the Spanish colonial period. Although land reform legislation has been passed, loopholes permit owners to retain possession. Those responsible for enacting and enforcing the legislation often come from the same families that own the land. Peasant groups such equally the HUKs (People's Liberation Army, or Hukbong Magpapayang Bayan ) in the 1950s and the NPA (New People'southward Army) at the present time have resorted to guerrilla tactics to provide land for the poor. There is an ongoing demand to clear forests to provide farmland. The clearing technique is slash and burn. Environmentalists are concerned considering timber is destroyed at random, eliminating the homes of endangered species of plants and animals.
Commercial Activities. The local market is a key factor in retail trade. Larger municipalities accept daily markets, while smaller communities accept
Philippine children playing on Guimaras Island. Young children typically live with grandparents or aunts for extended periods.
markets once or twice a week. Merchandise at the market place is conducted in a barter system. Suki relationships are established at the marketplace so that the buyer returns to the same vendor. Markets are divided into "dry" markets where clothing and household items are sold and "wet" markets where food is sold. Sari-sari establishments are minor neighborhood stores. They are convenient since they have packaged products and are in the neighborhood, but no fresh foods are available there. In larger towns, supermarkets with fixed prices are adjacent to the marketplace. Electronic equipment, furniture, and wear have fixed prices and are sold in stores or at kiosks. Shopping malls are found in most provincial capitals. Malls with Western shops are found throughout metropolitan Manila.
Major Industries. Metropolitan Manila is the primary manufacturing area, with 10 percent of the population living there. Manila and the next ports are the best equipped to send manufactured appurtenances. Manufacturing plants produce electrical and electronic components, chemicals, article of clothing, and machinery. The provinces produce processed foods, textiles, tobacco products, and structure materials. Manufacturing in the dwelling house continues to be common in remote areas.
Trade. Rice, bananas, cashews, pineapple, mangoes, and coconut products are the agricultural products exported to neighboring countries. Exported manufactured products include electronic equipment, mechanism, and clothing. The United States, members of the European Wedlock, and Nihon are the major trading partners. Imports consists of consumer goods and fuel. The land has mineral and petroleum reserves that have non been developed because of the mountainous terrain and a lack of funding.
Transportation of products is hard since the highway organisation across metropolitan Manila consists of two-lane roads that are nether constant repair and sometimes are done out past typhoons. Interisland shipping costs add to the expense of manufacturing. Congress, governmental agencies, and the financial community are attempting to find solutions to these bug. The rate of route construction is accelerating and a light runway system is planned. Filipino membership in the Association of S Due east Asian Nations (ASEAN), a regional trade organization, is an important factor in the development of trade policies.
Division of Labor. In rural areas, lack of mechanization causes the entire family unit to work in the rice fields. Planting rice seedlings, separating them, replanting, and irresolute water levels in the fields are done by hand and are labor-intensive. Crops such as tobacco, corn, and sugarcane demand total family participation for curt periods during the planting and harvest seasons.
In the cities, traditional roles common to industrialized countries are followed. Men perform heavy concrete tasks, while women work every bit clerks and teachers and in health intendance.
Social Stratification
Classes and Castes. Filipinos believe in the need for social credence and feel that educational activity can provide upward mobility. Colour of skin, beauty, and money are the criteria that determine a person'southward social position. Low-cal coloring is correlated with intelligence and a calorie-free-skinned attractive person will receive advancement before his or her colleagues. Family position and patron-customer associations are useful in achieving success. Authorities officials, wealthy friends, and customs leaders are sponsors at hundreds of weddings and baptisms each yr. Those connections are of groovy importance.
There is a gap betwixt the 2 pct of the population that is wealthy and the masses who live in poverty. The middle course feels also obligated to those in ability to attempt to make societal changes.
The people of the Philippines enjoy watching professional basketball played by American professional teams and teams in Filipino professional leagues. Basketball courts are the just sport-site found in every barangay and school. Cockfights are a popular sport among men. Cocks have metallic spurs attached to the leg just to a higher place the foot. The contest continues until i of the cocks is unable to continue fighting or runs away. Cuneta Astrodome in metropolitan Manila is used for both professional basketball and cockfights. Mah-jongg, a Chinese game played with tiles, is very popular, especially with women.
Symbols of Social Stratification. Money to buy consumer goods is an indicator of power. Wealthy people atomic number 82 western lifestyles. They travel abroad frequently and pride themselves on the number of Westerners they accept equally friends. Since few people outside Manila accept a family machine, owning a vehicle is a articulate statement of a high social level. Houses and effects testify a person's social position. Upholstered furniture instead of the traditional wooden couches and beds, rows of electric appliances that are never used and area rugs are all important.
Women to a higher place the poverty level have extensive wardrobes. Sending i's children to the best schools is the most important indicator of social position. The all-time schools oftentimes are private schools and are quite expensive.
Political Life
Government. The country has a republican form of government that was developed during the republic menses. It contains three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The first constitution, based on the United States Constitution, was written in 1935. When President Marcos declared martial law in 1972, that constitution was replaced by another one providing for a head of state, a prime minister, and a unicameral legislature. The president had the ability to deliquesce the legislature, appoint the prime government minister, and declare himself prime government minister. A new constitution was approved in a national referendum in 1987. It was similar to the 1935 constitution just included term limitations. The 221 members of the Business firm may serve three consecutive three-yr terms, which is besides the case for provincial governors. The twenty-4 senators, who are elected at large, may serve two sequent six-year terms. The president serves one six-year term, simply the vice president may serve ii consecutive six-year terms. The president and vice president do not run on the same ticket and may be political opponents.
The seventy provinces have governors but no legislative bodies. Over sixty cities take been created by legislation. Cityhood is desirable since cities are funded separately from the provinces and then that boosted federal coin comes into the area. Each province is divided into municipalities. The smallest unit of authorities is the barangay, which contains upward to two hundred dwellings and an elementary school. The barangay helm distributes funds at the local level.
Leadership and Political Officials. Charges of corruption, graft, and cronyism are common among government officials at all levels. People have cronyism and the diversion of a small per centum of funds as natural. Rewriting the constitution to eliminate term limits and establishing a strong two-party organisation are the reforms that are discussed most often. Politicians move from party to political party as the needs of their constituencies dictate because the political parties take no ideologies.
Many of the people who are currently active in politics were politically active in the commonwealth era. Men of rank in the military besides move into the
A house belonging to a family unit of the Igorot tribe in Bontoc. The Philippines are home to approximately threescore ethnic groups in 70 to eighty language groups.
political loonshit. Joseph Estrada, whose term as president is 1998–2004, entered the public eye every bit a popular moving picture star. He then became the mayor of a big city and went on to get vice president in the Ramos administration. Previous presidents have had political or military backgrounds, with the exception of Corazon Aquino, the president from 1986 to 1992, who became politically active subsequently her husband was assassinated.
Social Bug and Control. The formal system of law mirrors that of the United States. A police forcefulness, which has been part of the ground forces since 1991, and a organization of trials, appeals, and prisons are the components of the appliance for dealing with crime. Theft is the almost common crime. Because the Philippines has a cash economy, thieves and selection-pockets can easily proceeds admission to thousands of pesos. Petty thieves are unlikely to be apprehended unless a theft is discovered immediately. Another common crime is murder, which often is committed under the influence of alcohol. Guns are readily bachelor. Incest is punished severely if the victim is younger than 15 years old. Uppercase punishment past lethal injection was restored during the Ramos assistants. Six executions of men bedevilled of incest have taken place since 1998. Illicit drugs are plant throughout the archipelago but are more mutual in the uppercase area and the tourist centers. Marijuana and hashish are exported.
An ongoing concern is the desire for autonomy among tribal groups. Mindanoao and the Cordilleras Autonomous Region, where ethnic groups are located, are immune a greater degree of local control and receive additional funds from the government. Muslim Mindanao has a strong separatist movement. Terrorist groups have developed in support of the motion. In the year 2000, terrorists engaged in acts of kidnaping for bribe, a criminal offense that is common in the country. The authorities deployed additional war machine forces to attack terrorist strongholds.
War machine Activity. The armed forces consist of an army, a navy, a coast guard, and an air force. The army includes the Philippines National Police; the navy includes the marines. Military service is voluntary. Public respect for the military machine is high. Military expenditures business relationship for 1.5 percent of the gross domestic product. Current military action is focused on terrorist activeness in Mindanao. The oil-rich Spratly Islands in the South Prc Bounding main are an area of concern that is monitored by the navy. The Spratlys vest to the Philippines but are claimed by several other countries, and the Chinese accept unsuccessfully attempted to found a base in that location. In 1998, the Philippines signed a visiting forces understanding that allows U.s.a. forces to enter the country to participate in joint preparation maneuvers.
Social Welfare and Change Programs
Land reform has been a concern since independence. Spanish and American rule left abundant land full-bodied in the easily of two percent of the population and those owners will not surrender their country without compensation. Attempts made to provide land, such every bit the resettlement of Christian farmers in Mindanao in the 1950s, have non provided enough country to resolve the problem. Until state reform takes place, poverty will be the nation'due south primary social problem. Eighty percent of the rural population and half the urban population alive in poverty. Governmental organizations provide health clinics and medical services, assist in establishing micro businesses such every bit craft shops and small factories, and offer basic services for the disabled. The number of beggars increases in times of loftier unemployment. People consider it good luck to requite money to a poor person, and then beggars manage to survive.
Nongovernmental Organizations and Other Associations
While nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) piece of work throughout the country to solve social bug, they are almost visible in metropolitan Manila, where they work with squatters. The rural poor gravitate to urban areas, cannot find a place to live, and settle in public areas, riverbanks and garbage dumps. Information technology is estimated that one of every four residents of metropolitan Manila is a squatter. Shanty towns are and then large that in 2000, when rains from ii successive typhoons made garbage dumps plummet, over two hundred people were buried alive as their homes were swept away. Nongovernmental organizations exert pressure on the regime for state on which squatters can build permanent housing. Forced evictions are another target of NGOs, since an culling identify to alive is not provided.
Volunteer agencies from the Us, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Deutschland, Kingdom of denmark and Japan work with NGOs and governmental agencies. Projects to aid children and meet ecology needs are the focus of volunteer efforts. Volunteer agencies are supervised past the Philippine National Volunteer Service Coordinating Agency.
A farmhouse overlooks vegetables growing on a terraced field. In these volcanic islands, mountains are common.
Gender Roles and Statuses
Sectionalisation of Labor by Gender. Traditional roles prevail in rural areas, where men cultivate the land but the entire family is involved in planting and harvesting the crops. Women piece of work in gardens and intendance for the house and children as well equally barnyard animals. In urban areas, men work in construction and auto upkeep and as drivers of rider vehicles. Women work as teachers, clerks, owners of sari-sari stores, marketers of produce and health care providers. Occupational gender lines are blurred since men also work as nurses and teachers. In the professions, gender lines are less of import. Women attorneys, doctors and lawyers are institute in the provinces as well as in urban areas.
The Relative Status of Women and Men. While families desire male children, females are welcomed to supply help in the house and provide a home in the parents' former age. Women's rights to equality and to share the family unit inheritance with male siblings are firmly established and are not questioned. The oldest daughter is expected to get an OSW to provide money for the education of younger siblings and for the needs of aging family unit members. Women are the familial money managers. The wedding ceremony tin can include the gift of a coin from the groom to the bride to acknowledge this role.
Since personal relationships and wealth are considered the route to success, women have an equal opportunity to reach. Winners of beauty pageants are likely to succeed in the business and professional person world, especially if the pageant was at an international level.
Spousal relationship, Family and Kinship
Marriage. Wedlock is a civil ceremony that is conducted city offices. A religious ceremony also is performed. The ceremony is like to those in the United States with the addition of sponsors. Master sponsors are friends and relatives who have positions of influence in the customs. The number of primary sponsors attests to the popularity and potential success of a couple. It besides reduces a couple'due south expenses, since each primary sponsor is expected to contribute a substantial amount of cash. Members of the wedding party are secondary sponsors who do not have to provide funds.
Arranged marriages have not been part of Filipino life. However, men are expected to marry and if a man has not married by his late twenties, female person relatives brainstorm introducing him to potential brides. The median historic period for marriage is 20-two. Young professionals wait until their late twenties to marry, and engagements of 5 to seven years are non uncommon. During this menstruum, the couple becomes established in jobs, pays for the education of younger siblings, and acquires household items. A woman who reaches the age of thirty-two without marrying is considered past the age for marriage. Women believe that marriage to a wealthy man or a greenhorn will guarantee happiness. Divorce is illegal, only annulment is available for the dissolution of a marriage. Reasons for annulment include physical incapacity, concrete violence, or pressure to change 1's religious or political beliefs. Interfaith marriages are rare.
Domestic Unit. The extended family is the about of import societal unit, especially for women. Women's closest friendships come from within the family unit. Mothers and daughters who share a home make decisions apropos the abode without conferring with male person family members. One child remains in the family home to intendance for the parents and grandparents. This child, usually a daughter, is not necessarily unmarried. The home may include assorted children from the extended family, and single aunts and uncles. Several houses may exist erected on the aforementioned lot to continue the family together. Childcare is shared. Fathers carry and play with children merely are unlikely to change diapers. Grandparents who live in the home are the primary intendance givers for the children since both parents more often than not piece of work. Preschool grandchildren who live in other communities may be brought home for their grandparents to raise. Indigent relatives live in the family circumvolve and provide as household and childcare help. Young people may work their fashion through college by exchanging work for room and board. Family bonds are then shut that nieces and nephews are referred to as ane's ain children and cousins are referred to as sisters and brothers. Unmarried adult women may legally adopt one of a sibling's children.
Inheritance. Inheritance laws are based on those in the United States. These laws provide that all children best-selling by a male parent, whether born in or out of wedlock, share as in the manor. Females share equally with males.
Kin Groups. Because of the closeness of the immediate family, all familial ties are recognized. Anyone who is remotely related is known every bit a cousin. Ethnic tribes live in association groups. Union into another association may mean that the individual is considered expressionless to his or her association.
People take a stiff sense of belonging to a place. A family that has lived in metropolitan Manila for two generations still regards a municipality or province as its home. New year's day's Day, Easter, and All Saint's Day are the most important family unit holidays. Bus traffic from Manila to the provinces increases dramatically at these times, with hundreds of actress buses taking people dwelling house to their families.
Socialization
Infant Care. Infants are raised by family members. Young children are sent to alive with their grandparents or aunts for extended periods. People who alive outside the state leave their children with the family unit for the preschool years.
Infants spend their waking time in someone's arms until they can walk. They are part of every activeness and larn by ascertainment. Someone volition remain in the room with them when they sleep. Baby mortality is loftier, and so great care is taken of babies. Helpers and older sisters aid with the dayto-day care of babies.
Child Rearing and Education. Children are seldom lone in a organisation in which adults desire visitor
Workers spread rice on palm mats to dry out in the midday sun. Filipinos do not consider a meal complete without rice.
and do not understand the need for privacy. Children take no pressure to get toilet trained or to learn to eat at the table. They are spoon fed or eat from a parent'southward plate until the age of six. They must learn respect for authority, obedience, and religious faith. Self-esteem is fostered. A child's first birthday is historic with a party.
Filipinos regard education every bit the path to upward mobility. Ninety percent of the population over 10 years of age is literate. The Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS) is the largest governmental section. Approximately twelve one thousand thousand uncomplicated school pupils and five million secondary students attended school in 1999 and 2000. Pedagogy is compulsory until age twelve. Statistics bespeak that children from the poorest 40 per centum of the population exercise not attend school. Unproblematic instruction is a 6-year program; secondary education is a four-yr program. Pre-schools and kindergartens are seldom available in public schools only are in private schools. Children are grouped homogeneously by ability. Beginning form students begin being taught in Filipino; English is added afterward two months. In elementary and secondary schools, reading, scientific discipline, and mathematics are taught in English while values, social studies, and health are taught in Filipino. Children learn some Filipino and English words from the media. "Linga franca" is an experimental arroyo in which students are taught in the native dialect and Filipino for the first 2 years and English language in the 3rd course. This programme came about as a response to concerns that English was beingness used more than were the native languages.
Elementary school, secondary school, and college students are required to wear uniforms. Girls article of clothing pleated skirts and white blouses. Public school pupils article of clothing dark blue skirts. Each private school has its own colour. Boys vesture white shirts and night pants. Women teachers are given a regime allowance to purchase four uniforms to habiliment Monday through Thursday. Men article of clothing dark pants and a barong, a lightweight cotton shirt, or a polo shirt. Female teachers are addressed equally ma'am (pronounced "mum"). Male person teachers are addressed as sir. These titles are highly prized and are used by teachers in addressing ane another.
Class sizes range from twenty to more than fifty in public schools. The goal is to keep class size beneath fifty. Pupils may have to share books and desks. Schools may lack electricity and have dirt floors or be flooded in the rainy season. The walls may not be painted. The Japanese, Chinese, and Australians have provided new classrooms, scientific supplies, and teacher preparation for the public schools. Individual schools charge fees simply have smaller class sizes. They have a reputation of providing a amend instruction than practise the public schools.
Computers are not readily available in elementary or secondary schools although DECS is stressing technology. President Estrada met with Bill Gates of Microsoft to procure computers and software for utilize in the schools.
Classrooms in both public and private schools have a picture show of the Virgin Mary and the president at the front end of the room. Grottoes to the Virgin Mary or a patron saint are found on schoolhouse campuses. Schoolhouse days begin and end with prayer.
The school year runs from June to March to avoid the hot months of April and May. School starts at vii-thirty and ends at 4-thirty with a intermission of one and a half hours for lunch. No meals are served at the school, although the parent-teacher association may run a stand that sells snacks for break fourth dimension.
Dropping out is a serious business. In 1999 and 2000, the high school dropout charge per unit increased from 9 percent to 13 percent. The increase is attributed to the demand to provide intendance for younger siblings or to get a job to enable the family to survive the high inflation and the currency devaluation that followed the Asian financial crisis. The DECS has a Non-Formal Educational activity Division to come across the needs of out-of-school youth as well as the needs of uneducated adults. Programs include adult literacy, agriculture and farm training, occupational skills, and grooming in health and nutrition. Programs for at-risk youth are being added at the high schoolhouse level. The Open High School Organization Human activity of 2000 is designed to provide distance learning via television receiver for youths and uneducated adults.
College Teaching. A college degree is necessary to obtain positions that hope security and advancement. Approximately 2 one thousand thousand students attend colleges and universities. Each province has a state college system with several locations. The Academy of the Philippines, located in Manila, is a public university that is regarded as the best in the country. Individual colleges are constitute in the major municipalities. The University of Santo Tomas in Manila is a individual school that was established in 1611; information technology is the oldest site of higher education in the country. English is the chief language of instruction at the college level. Colleges and universities have large enrollments for avant-garde degrees since a 4 yr degree may not exist sufficient to work in the higher levels of regime service.
Etiquette
People believe that it is one's duty to keep things operating smoothly. Information technology is very important not to lose face up. Being corrected or correcting some other person in public is not considered acceptable behavior. People desire to grant all requests, and so they often say yes when they mean no or maybe. Others understand when the request is not fulfilled considering maxim no might have acquired the individual to lose face up. When one is asked to bring together a family unit for a repast, the offering must be refused. If the invitation is extended a second fourth dimension, it is permissible to have. Time consciousness and time management are not important considerations. A planned meeting may have identify after, much later, or never.
Filipinos walk hand in mitt or arm in arm with relatives and friends of either sexual practice as a sign of affection or friendship. Women are expected non to cross their legs or potable alcohol in public. Shorts are not common wear for women.
People pride themselves on hospitality. They readily become out of their way to aid visitors or take them to their destination. Information technology is of the highest importance to recognize the positions of others and use full titles and full names when introducing or referring to people. Non-verbal language, such as pointing to an object with one'south lips, is a fundamental element in advice. One greets friends by lifting the eyebrows. A longer lift can be used to ask a question.
Organized religion
Religious Beliefs. The Philippines is the only Christian nation in Asia. More than than 85 per centum of the people are Roman Catholic. The rosary is said in the dwelling at 9 P.Thou. , just before the family retires for the nighttime. Children are introduced to the statue of "Mama Mary" at a very early historic period.
Protestant missionaries arrived in 1901 and followed the Catholic case of establishing hospitals, clinics, and private schools. The Church building of the Latter Day Saints (Mormons) is currently the nigh active missionary grouping.
Sunni Muslims constitute the largest non-Christian group. They live in Mindanao and the Sulu Islands merely have migrated to other provinces. Muslim provinces celebrate Islamic religious holidays as legal holidays. Mosques are located in large cities throughout the country. In smaller communities, Muslims assemble in small buildings for services. Animism, a belief that natural objects have souls, is the oldest religion in the country, practiced by indigenous peoples in the mountains of Luzon.
A roundabout with a fountain sits betwixt old buildings in Manila. Some areas of the city were destroyed during World State of war II, when the country was invaded past Japan and and then liberated by the United States.
Liberty of religion is guaranteed by the constitution. The disagreement between the Muslim population of the southern provinces and the federal government is not then much about religion as it is almost political goals. Non-Catholics practice not object to Catholic symbols or prayer in public venues.
Each barangay has a patron saint. The saint'south day is celebrated past a fiesta that includes a religious ceremony. Large amounts of food are served at each house. Friends and relatives from other barangays are invited and get from firm to house to savor the food. A talent evidence, beauty contest, and dance are part of the fun. Carnival rides and bingo games add to the festivities.
Religious Practitioners. Religious leaders are powerful figures. Business and political leaders court Cardinal Jaime Sin because of his influence with much of the population. Local priest and ministers are so highly respected that requests from them accept on the power of mandates. A family considers having a son or daughter with a religious career as a high honor. Personal friendships with priests, ministers, and nuns are prized. Clerics take an active part in the secular earth. An example is Blood brother Andrew Gonzales, the current secretarial assistant of DECS.
Faith healers cure affliction by prayer or touch. "Psychic" healers operate without using scalpels or drawing blood. The several thousand healers are Christians. They believe that if they ask for a fee, their power will disappear. Patients are generous with gifts considering healers are greatly respected.
Rituals and Holy Places. The major rituals are customary Christian or Muslim practices. Sites where miracles have taken place draw big crowds on Sundays and feast days. Easter is the virtually important Christian observance. On Easter weekend, the entire Christian expanse of the state is shut down from noon on Maundy Thursday until the forenoon of Black Saturday. International flights keep and hospitals are open, but national television broadcasts, church services, and shops and restaurants are closed and public transportation is sparse. People stay at habitation or become to church. Special events take place on Practiced Friday. At that place are religious processions such as a parade of the statues of saints throughout the community.
Decease and the Afterlife. A twenty-iv-hour vigil is held at the deceased person's domicile, and the body is escorted to the cemetery after the religious anniversary. The tradition is for mourners to walk backside the coffin. A mausoleum is built during the lifetime of the user. The size of the edifice indicates the position of the builder.
Mourning is worn for six weeks after the death of a family member. It may consists of a blackness pin worn on the blouse or shirt of the mourner or black clothing. Mourning is put aside afterward 1 twelvemonth. A meal or party is provided for family members and shut friends ane year after the burial to commemorate recognize the retention of the deceased.
All Saint'due south Twenty-four hour period (1 November) is a national holiday to honor the expressionless. Grave sites are cleared of debris and repaired. Families run into at the cemetery and stay throughout the 20-four hours. Candles and flowers are placed on the graves. Food and memories are shared, and prayers are offered for the souls of the expressionless. When a family member visits a grave during the year, pebbles are placed on the grave to signal that the deceased has been remembered.
Medicine and Health Care
Life expectancy is 70 years for females and 60-four years for males. The Health Care Police force of
Painted Jeepneys on a city street.
1995 provides citizens with basic health care at no cost through subsidies. The working poor are given financial assistance when necessary. Children receive inoculations at no toll. The World Wellness System (WHO) declared the Philippines to exist polio-gratuitous in 2000. It is the start nation in the world to be recognized for the elimination of polio.
Regional public hospitals provide service to anybody. People who live far away ride a bus for hours to reach the hospital. Funds for ambulances are raised by lotteries within each barangay or are provided by congressmen and are used only for the people who live in that expanse. Private hospitals are considered superior to public hospitals. Paying patients are not discharged from hospitals until the beak is paid in full. Patients take kasamas (companions) who remain with them during the hospital stay. Kasamas assist with nursing chores by giving baths, getting food trays, taking samples to the nurses' station and questioning the doctor. A bed but no nutrient is provided for the kasama in the hospital room.
The infant mortality rate is 48.9 percent, and one-third of the children are malnourished. Over 13 percent of preschool and elementary schoolhouse children are underweight. A government program provides nutritious food for impoverished pupils at the midmorning break. This is but offered to schools in the poorest areas. National test scores are examined to see if improvement has occurred. If the scores are better, the plan is expanded.
The most prevalent health problem is "loftier blood" (hypertension). One in ten persons over the historic period of fifteen has loftier blood pressure. Tuberculosis is another wellness concern; The country has the fourth highest mortality rate in the world from that illness. Malaria and dengue fever are prevalent considering in that location is no effective program for musquito control. The number of deaths attributed to dengue increased in the late 1990s.
Herbal remedies are used alone or in conjunction with prescribed medications. A domestic dog seize with teeth treated with antibiotics and rabies shots besides may be treated with garlic applied to the puncture. The study of herbal remedies is part of the school health curriculum. Many simple schools have herb gardens that are planted and cared for by the students.
Secular Celebrations
New year's Day is more of a family holiday than Christmas. It is combined with Rizal 24-hour interval on thirty Dec to provide time for people to go home to their province. Midnight on New year's day's Eve brings an outburst of firecrackers and gunfire from randomly aimed firearms.
Other national secular holidays are Autumn of Bataan Twenty-four hours, an ascertainment of the Bataan Decease March in 1942 on nine Apr. Labor Mean solar day is celebrated on one May. Independence Day on 12 June celebrates freedom from Spanish rule. Information technology is historic with fiestas, parades, and fireworks. Sino-Filipinos celebrate the Chinese New year, which is not a national holiday, in Jan or February. In Manila, fireworks and parades take place throughout Chinatown. Muslims gloat Islamic festivals.
Arts and Humanities
Support for the Arts. The government provides support for institutions such as the National Museum in Manila. Libraries exists in colleges and universities. The all-time collections are in Manila. Museums are located in provincial capitals and in Manila. The Cultural Center of the Philippines in Manila is a middle for the performing arts that opened in 1970. It is a multibuilding complex created under the direction of onetime first lady Imelda Marcos, who encouraged musicians to enter the international community and receive additional preparation. Nongovernmental organizations preserve the folk heritage of the ethnic groups.
Literature. Literature is based on the oral traditions of folklore, the influence of the church and Spanish and American literature. Filipino written literature became popular in the mid-nineteenth century as the centre form became educated. The greatest historical literature evolved from the independence movement. José Rizal electrified the land with his novels. During the early years of American control, literature was written in English. The English and American literature that was taught in the schools was a gene in the kind of writing that was produced. Writing in Filipino languages became more common in the belatedly 1930s and during the Japanese occupation. Literature is now written in both Filipino and English. Textbooks contain national and earth literature.
Graphic Arts. The Filipino Academy of Fine art, established in 1821, shows early art reflecting Spanish and religious themes. Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo were the outset Filipino artists to win recognition in Europe at the end of the nineteenth century. Contemporary artists use a variety of techniques and mediums to reflect social and political life. Crafts reverberate the national culture. Each area of the country has specialties that range from the batik cotton prints of the Muslim areas to the wood carvings of the mountain provinces of Luzon. Baskets and mats are created from rattan. Textiles are woven by mitt in cooperatives, storefronts, and homes. Banana and pineapple fiber fabric, cotton, and wool are woven into textiles. Furniture and decorative items are carved. Silver and shell crafts also are created
Sex and violence are major themes in films, which are frequently adaptations of American screen productions. American films are pop and readily bachelor, and so high-quality Filipino films have been deadening to develop.
Performance Arts. Drama before Spanish colonization was of a religious nature and was intended to persuade the deities to provide the necessities of life. The Spanish used drama to introduce the Catholic religion. Filipino themes in drama developed in the belatedly nineteenth century every bit the independence motion evolved. Current themes are nationalistic and reflect daily life.
Trip the light fantastic is a mixture of Filipino and Spanish cultures. Professional dance troupes perform ballet, modern dance, and folk dance. Folk dances are performed at meetings and conferences and reflect a potent Spanish influence. Indigenous dances are used in historical pageants. An instance is a bamboo trip the light fantastic toe relating a story near a bird moving amidst the reeds. People enjoy ballroom dancing for recreation. Trip the light fantastic toe instructors are bachelor at parties to teach the waltz and the cha-cha.
Music performance begins in the home and at school. Apprentice performances featuring song and trip the light fantastic toe occur at fiestas. Pop music tends to be American. Guitars are manufactured for consign; folk instruments such equally the nose flute also are constructed.
The State of the Physical and Social Sciences
The physical sciences focus on the needs of the country. Aquaculture, the development of fish and shellfish farms in coastal areas, is a speedily growing field. Centuries of angling and dynamiting fish have changed the balance of nature. Hormonal research to stimulate the growth of fish and shellfish is a priority. Control of red tide, an infestation that makes shellfish dangerous to swallow, is another area of concentration. Agricultural inquiry and research into volcano and convulsion control are other areas of study. The evolution of geothermal and other energy sources is ongoing. Other environmental enquiry areas of importance are waste resources management, water resource management, and forest direction. The social sciences are focused on the needs of the country with the primary emphasis on resolving the problems of poverty and land reform.
Bibliography
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Europa Earth Factbook, 1999.
Goodno, James R. Philippines: The Land of Broken Promises, 1991.
Karnow, Stanley. In our Image: America'due south Empire in the Philippines, 1989.
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Roces, Alfredo. Civilisation Stupor: Philippines, 1999.
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Spider web Sites
Country Watch Philippines, 2000, http://www.countryside.com
National Statistics Office, Income and Employment Statistics. Almanac Poverty Indication Survey, 1999, http://www.nso.census.gov.ph
U.S. Section of Health. Wellness Care Constabulary of 1995, 1999, http://www.doh.gov.ph
U.S. Department of State. Groundwork Notes: Philippines, 1998.
U.S. Department of State, Central Intelligence Agency. World Factbook 2000, http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/rp.html
U.S. Library of Congress. Philippines: A state study, 1999, http://lcweb2.loc.gov
—S Ally E. B ARINGER
easterlingforer1944.blogspot.com
Source: https://www.everyculture.com/No-Sa/The-Philippines.html
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